Authors' pre-publication version of Fig. 4, now published at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03728-4 Legend | Forest extent circa 2018. Montane includes submontane forests (800–1,000 m a.s.l., light purple). Montane forests represent most (or all) evergreen humid old-growth forest in ten African nations: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe (included in AfriMont); and Zambia, Malawi and South Sudan (no plot data available). Forest cover extracted from ref. 38 and clipped to ‘primary humid forest’ using ref. 39. See Table 1 for country-level absolute estimates 38. Hansen, M. C. et al. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342, 850–853 (2013). 39. Turubanova, S., Potapov, P., Tyukavina, A. & Hansen, M. Ongoing primary forest loss in Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 074028 (2018).